2011年11月7日 星期一

台灣與美國交通跟Risk Homeostasis的關係



介紹一下RiskHomeostasis的現象

我最近看了一本書,Malcom Gladwell What the Dog Saw.裏面有一短篇講RiskHomeostasis的現象。RiskHomeostasis很有趣,它的意思就是説當你找到一個調整的方式來改變某一項活動的風險性, 那麼人們就會再用另一種方式改變其他的因素(潛意識的增加便利性),而這將會使風險性回到原先程度。

不太清楚嗎?Malcome Gladwell 有講如下的例子:

之前研究者看過車禍的統計。原來車子安裝ABS(防止煞車鎖死系統)之後,出車禍的可能性沒什麽改變。其實重點是這些ABS系統比傳統煞車好多了。爲什麽會有這樣結果呢?當然是因爲Risk Homeostasis的現象。這種情況跟人類的心理有關。多半的人都覺得因爲他們的煞車那麽好,所以他們就能開的比較快。結果他們自己把原本的安全性降低到他們習慣的程度。

很特別吧?這樣的現象對設計非常重要吧!

但是,Risk Homeostasis不是對每一件事情都有影響。比如説繫安全帶,按Gladwell說的,繫安全帶真的有效。雖然繫安全帶就會讓人開車的時候比較安全,但是人不會因此就開始開車開地比較不保險。[我自己覺得這是因爲繫安全帶並不表示你比較不會出車禍而且人關心的不是出車禍的嚴重性,是他們出車禍的可能性-但是這也不是重點]。其實Risk Homeostasis就是一種心理的現象,也沒有那麽容易百分之百了解。

所以,你覺得在台灣騎車很危險嗎?跟美國比起來呢?

“是很危險”是我原本的第一個反應。但是有一天我的台灣同事吃午餐時跟我討論得比較深一點。我先跟他解釋一些台灣交通的問題:

  • 在大的十字路口人常常從最左邊的車道就右轉,來不及的話,那也沒有關係,就停著等害後面的車子都塞住了。
  • 車子換車道時寧願超級慢慢地走害兩兩個車道中的車子卡主了,也不要轉眼看旁邊死角的情況或打燈再快點地換車道。
  • 機車用一個非常快的速度換車道和轉車而且很少打燈。
  • 沒有人開到“停”號誌的時候真的會停一下。
  • 在十字路口,人不會讓別人先走,他們就會看別人的速度再調整自己的速度爲了剛好過在對方的前面或後面。
  • 公車不會爲了讓別人知道他們他想去哪裏就打燈,可是他們還是會打燈...是爲了騙你!

解釋完之後,我的同事就問我,“所以你覺得在美國開車比較安全嗎?”

問得好。

我想了一下再解釋說因爲美國的交通規定比較好,所以人能開得比較快。結果我想我們出車禍的比率應該比台灣少,可是我們車禍的嚴重性應該是比較高。

雖然我的同事覺得我所有講的問題是正確的,但是他覺得台灣還是比較安全。他說因爲在台灣開車時一直要注意到別人也不能走得太快。結果,因爲大家一直都在注意,所以在台灣開車就是比較安全。他還繼續說在美國開車,開很久都沒有發生什麽問題就會開始做夢,結果問題跑出來的時候開車者就完了。

他一說我就認清了。其實我所有說過的批評還是對的,但是不是跟一些瘋狂的美國人快快的開車那麽危險。再加上台灣交通的這些問題讓比較多人注意到路上的風險。這就是Risk Homeostasis,可是在這裡他覺得一些風險會讓人開的保險到每一個人的安全性都變好。
原來因爲像Risk Homeostasis的現象,很多好的法律與規定會讓人更不安全。真有趣吧!

我自己在美國的紐約和馬薩諸塞洲開國車好幾年。我也有一些經驗在加州。在台灣我騎車騎了兩年多了,半年在台中。我也沒有在台灣開車過。

2011年9月18日 星期日

台北藝術展覽





其實我喜歡藝術,但是我並不是很了解藝術。看藝術品時,我常常看不懂本藝術家的觀念。我幾個禮拜之前陪我的女朋友和她媽媽去看臺北展覽。那邊有很多日本藝術家的藝術品。不少的都很不錯。

讓我最印象深刻是一幅畫。裏面有兩位音樂家在一個爛房間的裏面。這兩個人很模糊所以感覺是他們已經不再那個爛的房間了。説不定他們搬走了,死掉了,很難説。重點就是他們已經不在。我自己覺得他們成功了,搬到一個很大的房子。現在我們看到這兩位很成功的音樂家的過去。我們不只看到他們來自的爛房間,還看得到他們在這裡頭訓練他們的能力。

以前的音樂老家不會知道未來是怎麽樣,他們只好在這爛爛的地方過他們的日子,好好地學音樂。

我知道原本畫家或藝術家的想法不會是跟我的一樣,但是我完全都不在乎。因爲我有自己的想法,所以這幅畫我才會受到這麽大的影響。

2011年7月14日 星期四

Zen of the Zone

I ran like mad when I was younger. I started training long-distance running at 14. At the time I made the decision to see how fast I could become. I didn’t stop until after my first year of college, when I was 20. People used to ask me why I trained so hard.

To be great.

I’ve always had the desire to be great at something.

But that wasn’t all. There was that zen-like state: the zone. Any runner can tell you about the zone. You’re not thinking, but you’re fully focused. You know when to push harder and when to ease off. You have a plan that evolves as you see and react to everything around you, but you do all of this with an empty mind. The zone, that peculiar contradiction, that is why I ran.

Of course, the zone isn’t just for running…

2011年7月12日 星期二

On Kung Fu

Studying Chinese kung fu and martial arts may be the most important decision someone makes in their life if they end up needing those fighting skills just once.

Studying Chinese kung fu and martial arts can add a deeper meaning and sense of purpose to one’s life. Those who can find that meaning may find the ability to fight to be rather insignificant in comparison, especially if they have a peaceful life free of violent confrontations.

2011年4月4日 星期一

What is Kung Fu, really?


A disappointing discovery

I came across a Kung Fu instructor's YouTube account while browsing the Internet. He had sparring and form videos posted. But what caught my attention wasn't the videos, it was his comments:
Few people in traditional kong-fu willing to recognize the truth that they don't know how to fight and that is why real kong fu is lost and be humiliated by other styles. If you do practice kong fu, then you have to do sparring, you have to use all your strength and exhaust yourself to learn the limits of your system and your own body and mind. There is no way around if you do want be a real master.
and
I am so tired of watching WuShu, it's okay if a dancing style wants to adopt some martial art moves but it is ridiculous for a dancing style to call itself a martial art. Not even mention those crazy shouting and meaningless hand waving moves.
As a passionate student of martial arts, I read this and was disappointed. It suggests the true meaning of martial arts (specifically referred to as kung fu here) is fighting. This is the origin of martial arts, hence the name, but it is far from the 'true' meaning.

Strictly speaking, kung fu…

If you look up kung fu (功夫) from Chinese to English, you'll find something consistent with the Wikipedia article on Chinese Martial Arts:
In Chinese, kung fu can also be used in contexts completely unrelated to martial arts, and refers colloquially to any individual accomplishment or skill cultivated through long and hard work.[1] Wushu is a more precise term for general martial activities.
Kung fu generally refers to a skill that takes a long time to develop. So, a chef could have excellent kung fu. He'd be a fantastic chef, and perhaps a terrible fighter. Likewise, a dancer could have great kung fu.

The term wushu (武術) means martial arts, literally. However, if you hear someone say they practice Wushu today, it typically means Modern Wushu from China. Modern Wushu evolved from traditional martial arts and is designed for competitions where participants are judged on their ability to do a form. The forms can be extremely gymnastic as well as impractical when it comes to fighting. Essentially, Modern Wushu is a martial arts style that has adopted more gymnastic movements. Not a dancing style that has adopted moves from the martial arts, as the YouTube teacher claims. That doesn't change the fact that Modern Wushu masters train with all their strength and exhaust themselves to the limits of their body and mind, year in and year out. They, without a doubt, train kung fu.

Aside from the technicalities

If I stumbled upon a few silly errors with naming nuances in this teacher's comments, I wouldn't be writing this. These things are trivial, although I would've expected a native speaker of Chinese and a student of martial arts to be familiar with them. The problem lies in the point, what is the real meaning behind martial arts? Forget about what you call it, Karate, Kung Fu, Wushu, Taekwon Do, and so on. They are all different paths to a similar goal.
Asking the 'true' meaning of martial arts is like asking the true meaning of life: the answer is decided by the artist. It could be to fight, or to dance. It could be to keep yourself in shape so that it's easier to meet girls. It could be anything and it wouldn't be wrong. But, I argue there is a deeper meaning that those who train long and hard realize.
When someone speaks the words kung fu, one of the first images that comes to mind is a Shaolin Monk. Despite sparse instances in Chinese history where Shaolin Monks were involved in battles, why else would they devote themselves to martial arts? Why would their training include anything but practical self defense techniques? The quoted teacher above is training and teaching martial arts heavily influenced by Shaolin (including Hung Gar – 洪家拳).

What are our masters teaching us?

The most respected masters I've trained under taught martial arts as a way of life. Self defense was included in some schools more than others, but it was never the primary focus. The truth is, physical self defense is a tiny part of what martial arts really has to offer.
I had a strict Karate instructor and I was fond of him for that reason. He wasn't afraid to use some power when sparring with me, even when I was inexperienced. When asked if he had ever used Karate for self defense, he replied that he had. Two times. And he instantly regretted it afterwards both times.

Imagine if he had trained for no other reason than to develop those skills. He would've had nothing but regret for so much time spent training. That wasn't the case, he continued training after these events. He developed and rose above his former self.
Gichin Funakoshi is known as the "Father of Modern Karate." He wrote his autobiography, Karate-Do: My Way of Life. In it (perhaps in the prologue, I'm not sure) it mentions how he also used Karate for self defense just two times in his life. Just like my aforementioned Karate instructor, he deeply regretted it immediately afterwards.
The list goes on. I would argue one of the major themes behind Jet Li's Fearless is that martial arts are not about fighting.

If you still don't believe me

Traditional martial arts are ambiguous. I trained with a Karate student preparing for a black belt promotional that never thought the basic blocking drills in Karate were anything more than blocks. The entire moves, when executed in full, are actually terrible blocks. But they work great for breaking someone's grip on your arms or body. Now he learned those moves as a white belt and trained for over 4 years, and at a good school. It's not his fault. Martial arts are ambiguous for a reason.
As a teacher, you may have strong morals and principals. The last thing you'd want is for your students to go out and get into fights everywhere. But you want them to learn martial arts and you believe it has something to offer them. By teaching them more ambiguous techniques, you're able to pass on the truly valuable aspects of martial arts while omitting a large portion of the deadly parts.

The point is

The true meaning behind martial arts is not fighting. So what is it?

As silly and cliché as this is, especially when talking about martial arts, it's a fantastic way to represent the true meaning of martial arts. The yin-yang symbol represents balance. Mind and body. Harmony. Training martial arts exercises your body, but not without making you think. Working hard and training kung fu of any kind develops character. It helps us to learn more about ourselves and others. It teaches you discipline and confidence; the very skills you need to be a better member of society. It helps you be more balanced. Balance is the key to a better life, as well as a better society.

The problem is

The world of kung fu and martial arts has too many people who get distracted by other things like fighting and sparring. Sparring is nothing like fighting, for starters. Fighting is a life and death situation, sparring is a game. It can be helpful in training kung fu, but it is not necessary. The world of martial arts needs more teachers that realize this. The alternative would be a loss.

2010年12月9日 星期四

Taiwan, the Cool Place Where an Adult Can be a Kid

I enjoy Taiwan. You rarely see men walking with a swagger, swaying side to side as they lift their head up and puff out their chest. Taiwanese tend not to have this false sense of masculinity.

The locals also seem to lack a few cultural misconceptions about maturity. Men and women show a genuine affection for cute things. Americans get to a certain age where the idea of being cute is seen as childish. But, why? What does it mean to be childish? Does it mean you have to hide what you like so you can fall into the norm? I would think the more childish person is the one afraid to express themselves truthfully.

Cute is an aesthetic. We acknowledge the pretty, bold, beautiful, and sexy. For some reason, however, cute is associated with immaturity. It's for children or irresponsible adults. It's also an insult to most men. You can't be taken seriously if you come off as cute, whereas any other aesthetic is perfectly acceptable.

In Taiwan, a thirty year-old woman may be an avid collector of Hello Kitty. At the same time, she can also be a successful manager at a respectable company. Cute does not equal stupid or immature. Likewise, men might dress in a cute and fashionable way on their way to the office or to head out at night. It doesn't suggest their gay or especially effeminate.

A culture without a false sense of maturity is a culture that encourages people to express themselves more freely. Taiwanese are more able to set their inner child free.

Great! Glad I'm here.

Sadly, Taiwanese children have no chance to let their inner child loose. Children don't just have to go to school during the day; they have to go to cram schools in the evening.

The competition is stiff. Children have to take entrance exams for high school. The quality of a middle school is determined by how many of their students get into good high schools. Kids who get into better high schools are better prepared for the next test they have to take – the college entrance exam. This exam is the sole factor in determining which college students can go to. The kid with the top score get first pick, followed by second and so on. I was surprised to hear a junior high student tell me that he would take a practice entrance exam for high school every single day he went to school.

It's true that the best way to prepare for a test is to practice. If other students are practicing at cram schools in the evening, the only way to keep up is to have yours do the same. Compared to the average US student, Taiwanese have less time to explore social and extracurricular activities. They have less time to think about what they're interested in and what's important to them. They have less time to have fun and be a child.

Now, are Taiwanese more mature because they are more in touch with their inner child? Or are they simply making up for the fact that they didn't have a real chance at a childhood when they deserved it?

2010年9月23日 星期四

Falling into the Forest

I wrote about how it is easier to study a culture through foreign eyes. I also read about this concept in Warren Bennis’s On Becoming a Leader. There is an interesting caveat I forgot to mention. If you truly immerse yourself in a foreign culture, you will find you are not observing anything anymore.

I have spent so much time improving my Chinese and jumping into the culture that I stopped noticing anything about it. I had no foreign friends, outside of work. My day-to-day activities became local; there were no thoughts about why things were different. I stopped analyzing the world I was living in and just lived.

I could no longer see the forest for the trees. I may as well have been living in my old home of upstate New York.

Having some old friends and family visit was helpful. Their culture shock brought me back into perspective, thankfully. It is important to look at the whole picture and examine your life. You do not have to be in a foreign place, it simply forces you to think about things because they are so different.

If you fail to take yourself out of your current perspective and look at the entire forest, you don’t actively live. Instead, you just respond to the stimulus of your environment. You live more like a machine than a person.